#credit
Understand business credit, scoring, and credit management strategies
Ten states now require merchant cash advance providers to disclose an APR alongside the factor rate, turning opaque MCA pricing into an apples-to-apples comparison for small business owners.
B2B Buy Now, Pay Later platforms pay suppliers upfront on Net 30/60/90 invoices and take on non-recourse collection risk, with transaction volume around $14 billion in 2023 forecast to grow at over 25% annually through 2030.
Building business credit from zero follows a fixed sequence — form an LLC, get an EIN, obtain a D-U-N-S number, open vendor accounts that report to bureaus, then add a business credit card — with PAYDEX and FICO SBSS scores following naturally from on-time payment history.
Effective March 1, 2026, SBA 7(a) and 504 loans require 100% of direct and indirect owners to be U.S. citizens or nationals with a U.S. principal residence — green card holders no longer qualify — and the FICO SBSS score is retired in favor of a 1.10 minimum debt service coverage ratio and full commercial credit analysis. Here's who's affected and how to prepare.
Trade credit insurance reimburses 75-95% of unpaid invoices when a customer defaults for a covered reason, typically costing 0.25-0.5% of insured sales, but disputed invoices and missed claim windows (30 days for insolvency, 3-6 months for other defaults) are excluded.
Visa and Mastercard's 2026 interchange settlement caps credit card surcharges at 3% of the transaction or the merchant's actual cost of acceptance, whichever is lower, and requires 30 days' written notice to your processor before you can start charging it.
The CFPB's Section 1071 small business lending rule takes effect January 1, 2028, requiring lenders that originate at least 1,000 covered small business credit transactions annually to collect and report data on applicants with $1 million or less in gross annual revenue, including optional demographic information.
Purchase order financing pays your supplier directly to fulfill a large customer order, typically costing 1-6% of supplier costs per 30-day period (roughly 20-60% effective APR), and is best suited for resellers with 20%+ gross margins and orders above $100,000.
The Altman Z-Score combines five financial ratios into one number that predicted bankruptcy with 72% accuracy two years out. This guide covers the original formula, the Z' and Z'' versions for private and non-manufacturing firms, a worked example, and how to screen your own company, customers, and suppliers.
For most businesses, credit card cash back and points are non-taxable rebates, not income—but a bonus with no spending requirement is taxable. Spending rewards also reduce your deductible expenses, so record them as a contra-expense to keep deductions accurate.
Loan covenants—DSCR, fixed charge coverage, tangible net worth, and leverage limits—can put a small business borrower in default while every payment is current. A practical breakdown of affirmative, negative, and financial covenants, cure periods, waiver requests, and what to negotiate before signing a credit agreement.
ASC 326's Current Expected Credit Loss model requires private companies, community banks, and credit unions to book lifetime expected losses on receivables and loans from day one. This guide covers estimation methods (loss-rate, WARM, vintage, migration, DCF), pool segmentation, reversion approaches, and the July 2025 ASU 2025-05 practical expedient that lets entities skip forward-looking forecasts for current trade receivables.
