#mergers-and-acquisitions
Accounting guidance for business acquisitions, goodwill, purchase price allocation, and deal structuring
Section 382 caps a startup's pre-ownership-change net operating loss deductions at the pre-change fair market value multiplied by the long-term tax-exempt rate (about 3.56 percent in February 2026), triggered when 5 percent shareholders collectively gain more than 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year testing period.
Section 197 requires buyers in a taxable asset acquisition to amortize acquired intangibles — goodwill, customer lists, workforce in place, covenants not to compete — straight-line over 180 months. This guide walks through Form 8594 purchase price allocation, the anti-churning rules for related-party deals, the no-loss rule on dispositions, and Form 4562 reporting across the full 15-year cycle.
Section 368 defines seven reorganization types (A through G) that defer corporate and shareholder tax in M&A. This guide covers the 40% Continuity of Interest test, Type A statutory mergers, Type B stock-for-stock swaps with the 80% control requirement, Type C asset deals, and forward/reverse triangular merger structures with their consideration limits.
ASC 350 lets private companies amortize goodwill over up to ten years and test for impairment only when a triggering event occurs. This guide walks through ASU 2014-02 and 2021-03 elections, the single-step Step One quantitative test after ASU 2017-04, and how to keep auditors and lenders aligned.
Section 280G disallows the corporate deduction and imposes a 20% Section 4999 excise tax once parachute payments to a disqualified individual reach three times the executive's five-year average W-2 compensation, with the penalty applying to everything above 1× the base amount. Private companies can eliminate the consequences entirely through a 75% disinterested shareholder vote paired with conditional waivers signed before closing.
Calculate customer revenue shares with a six-customer example, understand the 10% disclosure threshold, and keep receivables concentration separate.
About one third of 2024 private-target M&A deals included an earnout, and median earnout potential rose to roughly 43% of the closing payment. This guide explains contingent purchase price structure, Section 453 installment-sale tax mechanics, the compensation-versus-purchase-price trap, and the recurring drafting mistakes behind six of the last seven major Delaware decisions favoring sellers.
Form 8594 allocates a business sale's purchase price across seven asset classes under IRC Section 1060. Mismatched buyer-seller filings risk $50,000 penalties.
A practitioner's guide to representations and warranties insurance (RWI) for middle-market M&A in 2026 — how buy-side and sell-side policies work, premiums around 2.5–3% of limit with retentions near 0.5%, the top breach categories driving claims, and when traditional escrow still wins.
Section 197 lets buyers in U.S. asset acquisitions amortize goodwill, customer lists, non-competes, and other intangibles ratably over 180 months. This guide covers the eight qualifying categories, Form 8594 allocation across Classes I–VII, the pooling rule, and anti-churning traps that can wipe out the deduction.
Three valuation approaches — asset, income, and market — can produce 50% differences in indicated value for the same closely-held business. This guide explains when each fits, how DLOM and DLOC discounts apply, and what records owners need before a sale, partner buyout, or estate transfer.
How IRC Section 453 and Form 6252 let sellers spread capital gain on seller-financed real estate or business sales across the years payments arrive — including the gross profit percentage formula, the depreciation recapture trap, the Section 453A interest charge on installment balances above $5 million, and when to elect out.
