#trade-finance
Instruments that fund and de-risk international trade, including letters of credit, documentary collections, and export credit insurance
CBP reconciliation lets importers flag entries with undetermined value or FTA claims and true them up on Entry Type 09: 12 months for FTA, 21 for value.
Match the payment method to each deal — cash in advance, LC, documentary collection, or insured open account — so one default never wipes out your margin.
Supply chain finance pays suppliers in days at the buyer's credit rate: a 1.2% fee for 85 days early is about 5.2% APR. Negotiate the base term, not the fee.
Under Incoterms 2020, DDP is the only rule where the seller pays import duties — under EXW, DAP, and every other term, the buyer absorbs each tariff change. This guide maps how each term allocates duty risk, why suppliers are shifting from DDP to DAP, and how to capitalize duties into landed cost under ASC 330.
A U.S. continuous customs bond must be at least $50,000 or 10% of the prior year's duties, taxes, and fees, whichever is greater, while a single-entry bond equals shipment value plus estimated duties and fees. This guide shows where the break-even falls (about four entries a year), why ocean freight needs a separate ISF bond, and how to book duties, MPF, HMF, and bond premiums as landed cost.
A Foreign Trade Zone defers duties until goods enter U.S. commerce, consolidates a week of shipments into a single Merchandise Processing Fee (capped at $651.50 for FY 2026 rather than charged per entry), and — with FTZ Board authorization — lets you elect the lower finished-good rate when component tariffs are inverted. Small importers reach all three as users of a 3PL magnet site, without activating a zone of their own.
The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism entered its definitive phase on January 1, 2026, requiring EU importers of steel, aluminum, cement, fertilizer, hydrogen, and electricity to buy CBAM certificates priced to the roughly €60-€95 per tonne EU ETS carbon rate, with costs and paperwork increasingly passed back to small US exporters who can't supply verified emissions data.
Dynamic discounting lets a small supplier trade a sliding, per-invoice discount for immediate payment from the buyer's own cash — no loan, no bank middleman — on platforms like C2FO and SAP Taulia. This guide explains how it differs from supply chain finance, why a 2/10 net 30 discount annualizes to roughly 36%, and how to record the discount as its own expense account in a plain-text ledger.
The US B2B BNPL market is projected to grow from $40.4 billion in 2025 to $48.4 billion in 2026 as Stripe, Amazon Business, Resolve, and TreviPay embed instant Net 30–90 terms into checkout. Here's how wholesalers and suppliers should book the provider fee (typically 1–5% of invoice value), distinguish recourse from non-recourse risk, and reconcile payouts that no longer match invoice timing.
Effective July 22, 2026, the U.S. Commercial Service eliminated small-business discount tiers, raising the Gold Key Service from $950 to $3,250 for small exporters (+242%) while fee increases across the schedule range from 67% to 520%. Here's what changed, why, and how SBA STEP grants can offset the new costs.
B2B BNPL providers pay suppliers 100% of invoice value up front while buyers keep their net-30 to net-90 terms, moving default risk off the supplier's books. With bad debt averaging ~8% of credit sales and the market projected to grow from $204 billion in 2025 to $466 billion by 2030, here's how the model works, what it costs, and how to record financed invoices correctly.
NVOCCs need a $75,000 FMC bond ($150,000 if foreign-based), a published tariff, and Form FMC-18 before moving a container — and books that pair every house bill of lading to its master bill. A practical guide to OTI licensing costs, HBL/MBL reconciliation, ASC 606 in-transit revenue, and the bookkeeping mistakes that sink first-year freight forwarders.
